The survey establishes the importance of early childhood education, which is supported by extensive research.
It says:
"This Index assumes that all
children, regardless of their background, legal status and ability to pay, have a right to affordable, quality preschool provision."
Then, it ranks 45 nations by their provision of early childhood education.
The United States is #24, tied with the United Arab Emirates.
Can we expect to see editorials across the U.S. about this shockingly poor performance?
Can we expect to see a Hollywood film--documentary or fictionalized--about this shameful statistic?
Will we soon hear reformers insisting that all three- and four-year-olds should be able to participate in a high-quality program that has well-prepared and credentialed teachers and small class sizes?
Now that's a reform movement we could all support.
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31 de agosto de 2012
In This World Ranking, We Are #24 by dianeravitch
Brasil ainda tem 1,4 milhão de crianças de 4 e 5 anos fora da escola
Até 2016, o Brasil tem a obrigação de incluir todas as crianças de 4 e 5 anos na escola. A tarefa não será fácil: de acordo com relatório lançado hoje (31) pelo Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (Unicef), há 1.419.981 crianças nessa faixa de idade que não estão matriculadas no sistema de ensino.
Uma emenda constitucional aprovada em 2009 ampliou a faixa etária em que a frequência à escola é obrigatória. Antes, apenas a população de 7 a 14 anos tinha que estar necessariamente matriculada no ensino fundamental, mas a partir de 2016 o ensino obrigatório irá cobrir desde a pré-escola até o ensino médio (dos 4 aos 17 anos).
O relatório Todas as Crianças na Escola em 2015 - Iniciativa Global pelas Crianças Fora da Escola - baseou-se em estatísticas nacionais, como a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (Pnad), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), de 2009. No total, cerca de 3,7 milhões de crianças e adolescentes entre 4 e 17 anos estão fora da escola no Brasil. A maior defasagem é na pré-escola e no ensino médio, já que entre os brasileiros de 6 e 14 anos o grupo que não frequenta a escola é menor, cerca de 730 mil.
Entre os brasileiros de 4 e 5 anos que não estão matriculados nos sistemas de ensino, a maior parte é negra - 56% do total. A renda também é um fator que influencia o acesso à educação. Enquanto 32% das crianças de famílias com renda familiar per capita de até um quarto do salário mínimo estão fora da escola, apenas 6,9% daquelas oriundas de famílias com renda superior a 2 salários mínimos per capita estão na mesma situação. Os números indicam que a frequência ainda insuficiente de crianças de 4 e 5 anos está relacionada, muitas vezes, à falta de vagas na rede pública. Por isso, no grupo com renda um pouco maior (dois salários per capita), o percentual de crianças fora da escola é menor, já que nesse caso a família acaba optando por pagar uma escola particular.
Para Maria de Salete Silva, coordenadora do Programa de Educação do Unicef no Brasil, o desafio é grande, mas algumas iniciativas governamentais, como o Proinfância, que tem a meta de construir 6 mil creches em todo o país até 2014, são respostas interessantes ao problema. "A última política do governo, o Brasil Carinhoso, prioriza as família abaixo da linha da pobreza no acesso à escola e ataca exatamente essa desigualdade", aponta.
A representante do Unicef ressalta, entretanto, que o maior desafio está "na outra ponta" da educação básica. O relatório diz que 1.539.811 adolescentes entre 15 e 17 anos estão fora da escola. Nesse caso, os problemas de frequência não estão tão relacionados à falta de vagas, mas ao desinteresse da população nessa faixa etária pelo ensino médio. Para muitos jovens já envolvidos com o mercado de trabalho, a escola é pouco atrativa.
"Isso requer uma mudança muito grande no ensino médio. Estamos com a maior população de adolescentes da história do Brasil, a gente não pode perder isso e esperar para resolver na próxima geração porque está condenando o país a ter milhões de adultos sem formação escolar", avalia Salete.
Segundo ela, não será necessário apenas ampliar as vagas para incluir os jovens que estão fora da escola, mas torná-la mais atrativa para a realidade deles. "Você precisa trazer o aluno e incorporar na escola aquilo que é parte do projeto de vida deles. A escola está longe da vida dos adolescentes", aponta.
Para incluir toda a população de crianças e jovens ainda fora da escola, o estudo aponta como uma das medidas necessárias a ampliação dos recursos para a área. O Unicef apoia a meta de investimento de 10% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) em educação, prevista no Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE) que está em debate no Congresso Nacional.
"A gente discorda de quem acha que o problema da educação no Brasil não é dinheiro, mas gestão. Nós temos problemas sérios de gestão, mas só com os recursos que temos hoje não conseguimos fazer tudo que é necessário: incluir todos na escola, ter qualidade, professor bem remunerado e capacitado, escola com boa infraestrutura. O desafio é enorme", argumenta.
O secretário de Educação Básica do Ministério da Educação (MEC), César Callegari, destaca que o governo federal tem lançado diversas ferramentas para ampliar o acesso de crianças à pré-escola. Entre elas, cita o Programa Nacional de Reestruturação e Aparelhagem da Rede Escolar Pública de Educação Infantil (Proinfância), que prevê a construção de 5,5 mil creches e pré-escolas, o Brasil Carinhoso, que reforça a transferência de renda e fortalece a educação com aumento de vagas nas creches, e o Programa Nacional de Educação do Campo (Pronacampo), que oferece apoio técnico e financeiro aos estados e municípios para implementação da política de educação do campo.
Callegari lembra que entre as preocupações do governo também está o aumento da qualidade do ensino para tornar a escola mais atrativa a jovens e adolescentes. Lembra ainda que o MEC investe anualmente mais de R$ 1,5 bilhão em material didático, livros e jogos para melhorar o suporte educacional a essa faixa etária.
O secretário informou que a pasta está elaborando uma proposta de inovação curricular para aumentar o interesse de jovens de 15 a 17 anos que ainda estão no ensino fundamental e acabam abandonando as salas de aula porque, por terem repetido o ano, têm que conviver com crianças mais novas. Segundo ele, as medidas, que ainda serão discutidas com estados e municípios, só devem ser anunciadas no ano que vem.
O secretário defendeu a ampliação dos investimentos em educação, principalmente com a utilização de recursos provenientes dos royalties do pré-sal. "Eles serviriam para valorizar e remunerar melhor os professores, melhorar as condições físicas das escolas, com laboratórios e bibliotecas, e o atendimento a crianças e jovens com deficiência". A educação básica conta hoje com repasses que correspondem a 4,3% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB).
(Agência Brasil)
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Second chances in education by Marilyn Achiron, OECD
Editor, Directorate for Education
We all know how important the first years of formal education are; but what if the education provided during those years isn’t the best it can be? Are students forever penalised? A study in Canada that followed the 15-year-old students who had participated in PISA in 2000 and re-assessed their reading skills 9 years later shows that where education and training opportunities are readily available, deficits in initial education do not doom individuals to poor reading proficiency for the rest of their lives. In fact, on average, the young people surveyed gained 57 score points on the PISA reading scale between the ages of 15 and 24 – the equivalent of more than one year of school.
As this month’s PISA in Focus relates, those students who had performed poorly when they were 15 improved the most during the 9-year period; yet, for the most part, they were not able to fully catch up with their peers. For example, in 2000, when students who participated in PISA were 15, girls outscored boys in reading by an average of 32 points; by 2009, that gap had narrowed to 18 points. Similarly in PISA 2000, socio-economically advantaged students outscored their disadvantaged peers by more than 65 points; by 2009 that gap had narrowed to 50 points.
But one group of students did close the gap entirely: students born outside of Canada. At the age of 15, those born in Canada outperformed those born outside of the country by more than 20 score points – 545 to 524 score points, respectively. By the age of 24, young people with an immigrant background scored on a par with those who had been born in the country – around 600 score points, on average. This significant finding reflects the effectiveness of Canada’s education and integration policies.
The Canadian study identifies several ways that initial disadvantage in education can be overcome. Improvements in reading proficiency are strongly related to time spent in the education system, regardless of the educational pathways individuals follow. For instance, the improvement in reading skills among young adults who had spent 4 or more years in school after age 15 was about the same, whether they had actually completed a degree or not by age 24. Those who never completed a programme above high school, but who studied for 4 or more years after high school, improved their reading skills by 70 score points. Those who did complete a university degree improved their reading skills by 60 score points.
There is no doubt that greater proficiency at early ages is an advantage for further education and creates opportunities for additional studies that may not be as readily available to low-achievers. While taking the most common path – through secondary and then directly on to university-level education – appears to maximise improvements in reading proficiency, not everyone takes that route. The evidence in this unique study shows that learning does not end with compulsory education. Second-chance programmes and flexibility in education systems can help young people who have not had the advantages of supportive learning environments early in their lives to improve their reading proficiency later on.
Links:
For more information on PISA: www.oecd.org/pisa/
PISA in Focus No. 19: Is there really such a thing as a second chance in education? Mitt Romney Disagrees With Himself On Education In Republican Convention Speech
Posted: 08/31/2012 12:02 am Updated: 08/31/2012 1:12 am
One of the more awkward moments of Mitt Romney's speech Thursday night at the Republican National Convention came during the newly minted presidential candidate's question-and-answer session with the audience.
The audience followed Romney's script -- at least according to the campaign's version of the candidate's prepared text -- during the first two questions of the exchange:
"Does the America we want borrow a trillion dollars from China?" Romney asked. "No," the crowd cheered.
"Does it fail to find the jobs that are needed for 23 million people and for half the kids graduating from college?" Romney asked. "No," the crowd screamed.
"Does it fail to find the jobs that are needed for 23 million people and for half the kids graduating from college?" Romney asked. "No," the crowd screamed.
But then, a stumper: "Are its schools lagging behind the rest of the developed world?" Romney asked. According to Romney's prepared remarks, the answer to that question is a steadfast "No." But the audience wasn't quite as sure, and it was harder to make out a unified response.
That might be because Romney's own education platform -- and former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice's own RNC speech the night before -- would answer that question with a resounding "yes."
While Romney hasn't made education a key feature of his campaign, he did pivot to the issue for one day in May during a speech at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. That day, the Romney campaigned issued a white paper expounding in some detail on his views on America's schools.
"There is no more critical issue facing the United States than the need for education reform," former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush (R) wrote in the paper's foreword. "Despite spending more on public education than virtually every other nation, our students’ math and science achievement lags well behind that of their peers abroad."
In the body text of the paper, the campaign asserts, "Across the nation, our school system is a world leader in spending, yet lags on virtually every measure of results."
And according to a report Rice wroteearlier this year with former New York City schools chancellor Joel Klein, America's schools lag so far behind they endanger the country's national security.
Are America's schools really lagging? It depends on who you ask and how you count it.
On the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development's Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2009, the U.S ranked 25th out of 30 in math, and 14th in reading. While once obscure, these numbers hit the zeitgeist this summer with a series of mock Olympic videos by former Washington, D.C. schools chief Michelle Rhee.
But as education researcher and blogger Matthew Di Carlo points out, rankings aren't the most nuanced way to describe performance.
"Not only do they ignore the size of differences between nations (two nations with consecutive ranks might have hugely different scores), but they also tend to ignore error margins (part of the differences between nations are simply random noise, so nations that are far apart in rank might really be statistically indistinguishable)," Di Carlo wrote. "When you account for the error margins and look at scores instead of rankings, the picture is different." That picture shows America performing at about average in reading and math -- while, Di Carlo writes, it's a "cause for serious concern," it's not exactly a Sputnik moment either.
Brazil Enacts Affirmative Action Law for Universities
August 30, 2012, The New York Times
By SIMON ROMERO
RIO DE JANEIRO — Brazil’s government has enacted one of the Western Hemisphere’s most sweeping affirmative action laws, requiring public universities to reserve half of their admission spots for the largely poor students in the nation’s public schools and vastly increase the number of university students of African descent across the country.
The law, signed Wednesday by President Dilma Rousseff, seeks to reverse the racial and income inequality that has long characterized Brazil, a country with more people of African heritage than any nation outside of Africa. Despite strides over the last decade in lifting millions out of poverty, Brazil remains one of the world’s most unequal societies.
“Brazil owes a historical debt to a huge part of its own population,” said Jorge Werthein, who directs the Brazilian Center for Latin American Studies. “The democratization of higher education, which has always been a dream for the most neglected students in public schools, is one way of paying this debt.”
As in the United States, affirmative action has stirred controversy and opposition here, even at some of the state universities that are exempt from the new law and have their own programs to admit underprivileged students. Critics contend that enforcing expansive quotas will undercut the quality of Brazil’s public university system, given the nation’s relatively weak public elementary and secondary schools. “You don’t create capable and creative people by decree,” said Leandro Tessler, institutional relations coordinator at the University of Campinas.
But while affirmative action has come under threat in the United States, it is taking deeper root in Brazil, Latin America’s largest country. Though the new legislation, called the Law of Social Quotas, is expected to face legal challenges, it drew broad support among lawmakers.
Of Brazil’s 81 senators, only one voted against the law this month. Other spheres of government here have also supported affirmative action measures. In a closely watched decision in April, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the racial quotas enacted in 2004 by the University of Brasília, which reserved 20 percent of its spots for black and mixed-race students.
Dozens of other Brazilian universities, both public and private, have also adopted their own affirmative action policies in recent years, trying to curb the dominance of such institutions by middle- and upper-middle-class students who were educated at private elementary and secondary schools. Public universities in Brazil are largely free of charge and generally of better quality, with some exceptions, than private universities.
Still, some education experts are already predicting a shift to the better private universities among some students. “With these quotas, these rich Brazilians who took up their spots will not be abandoned,” argued Frei David Santos, 60, a Franciscan friar in São Paulo who directs Educafro, an organization preparing black and low-income students for university entrance exams. “Their parents who had money saved will spend it” on elite private universities.
The Law of Social Quotas takes the previous affirmative action policies to another level, giving Brazil’s 59 federal universities just four years to ensure that half of the entering class comes from public schools. Luiza Bairros, the minister in charge of Brazil’s Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality, said officials expected the number of black students admitted to these universities to climb to 56,000 from 8,700.
The law obligates public universities to assign their spots in accordance with the racial makeup of each of Brazil’s 26 states and the capital, Brasília. In states with large black or mixed-race populations, like Bahia in the northeast, that could lead to a surge in black university students, while states in southern Brazil, which are largely white, could still have relatively few black students in public universities.
The new law recognizes that Brazil has remained far from the ideal of “racial democracy” espoused by the influential sociologist Gilberto Freyre, who argued that Brazil escaped much of the prejudice and discrimination he witnessed while studying in the segregation-era United States.
Brazil’s former president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, said in an interview that he was “completely in favor” of the quotas. “Try finding a black doctor, a black dentist, a black bank manager, and you will encounter great difficulty,” Mr. da Silva said. “It’s important, at least for a span of time, to guarantee that the blacks in Brazilian society can make up for lost time.”
Brazil’s 2010 census showed that a slight majority of this nation’s 196 million people defined themselves as black or mixed-race, a shift from previous decades during which most Brazilians called themselves white.
Still, some prominent Brazilians have expressed concern about the scope of the quotas. “It’s important to compensate people, but the way to do that cannot be a copy of what has been done in one moment in the U.S.,” Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Mr. da Silva’s predecessor as president, said in an interview. “I think it’s better to leave more freedom for universities to show how to adjust.”
Despite such reservations, Brazilian officials say the law signifies an important shift in Brazil’s view on offering opportunities to big swaths of the population.
“Brazil is experiencing an extremely positive moment,” said Ms. Bairros, the minister promoting racial equality. “Next, we will seek to extend this concept to other areas, like culture and jobs.”
Taylor Barnes and Lis Horta Moriconi contributed reporting.
RUY CASTRO Presos e soltos
Folha de S.Paulo, 31/08/2012
RIO DE JANEIRO - Mark Chapman, que matou John Lennon em NY, em 1980, preso e condenado à prisão perpétua, viu negado outro dia seu sétimo pedido de liberdade condicional. Os juízes reconheceram que, em 31 anos de prisão até agora, Chapman teve "bom comportamento" e revelou "remorso". Mas "sua libertação, neste momento, solaparia o respeito à lei e tornaria trivial a perda trágica de uma vida, causada por um crime atroz, não provocado, violento, frio e calculado".
Chapman tinha 25 anos quando disparou contra seu ídolo na porta do edifício Dakota. Hoje está com 57. Só poderá pedir de novo a condicional daqui a dois anos, e é certo que esta continuará a lhe ser negada. Talvez nunca mais saia. Mas o que ele queria, conseguiu: desde 8 de dezembro de 1980, nunca mais se escreveu John Lennon sem mencionar Mark Chapman.
Já a missionária americana Dorothy Stang teve a má sorte de ser assassinada no Brasil -em 2005, no Pará, em meio a uma disputa por terras. Regivaldo Pereira Galvão, vulgo "Taradão", condenado em 2010 a 30 anos de prisão em regime fechado como mandante do crime, recorreu e foi solto na semana passada, por determinação do STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal). Considerou-se que "Taradão" só poderá ser preso quando não couber mais recurso. Outro condenado pela morte da missionária está foragido.
E, em Oslo, Noruega, o extremista Anders Behring Breivik, assassino confesso de 77 pessoas em 2011, foi condenado à pena máxima de 21 anos. Mas tanto pode ficar para sempre na cadeia quanto ser posto em liberdade se se provar "reabilitado". Ao ouvir a sentença, ele se desculpou por ter matado "apenas 77 pessoas".
No Brasil, Mark Chapman já estaria solto. Nos EUA, "Taradão" continuaria preso. E, nos dois países, terminada a chacina, Breivik teria sido passado na bala pela polícia.
HÉLIO SCHWARTSMAN O fim da metafísica
Folha de S.Paulo, 31/8/2012
SÃO PAULO - A função do médico é preservar a vida do paciente, de modo que qualquer conduta que vá contra esse princípio é condenável. Essa é uma ideia simples, cativante e errada. O mundo é um lugar bem mais complexo e nuançado do que sugerem nossos esquemas mentais.
É mais do que bem-vinda a resolução do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM) que faculta a pacientes registrar em seus prontuários os procedimentos aos quais não querem ser submetidos. Em tese, isso lhes permitirá evitar intubações, choques elétricos e outras técnicas invasivas que podem prolongar a agonia do doente terminal. É uma medida necessária, mas que chega com décadas de atraso e apenas arranha o problema das decisões de fim de vida.
A dificuldade maior é que as fronteiras entre a ortotanásia (não aplicar tratamentos fúteis, atitude que o CFM aprova) e a eutanásia (quando o médico toma medidas que aceleram o óbito, legalmente considerada um homicídio) são tudo, menos claras. Frequentemente, a fim de evitar que o paciente sinta dor, faz-se necessário elevar o uso de sedativos. Só que uma sedação mais profunda favorece o surgimento de complicações fatais. Se as drogas utilizadas forem da classe dos opioides, elas podem provocar diretamente uma parada respiratória. Em que medida o médico precipitou a morte? E, se não o faz, é legítimo deixar o paciente sofrer?
Tentar responder a esse tipo de questão é um exercício metafísico que até pode ser intelectualmente estimulante, mas que não produzirá critérios inequívocos de decisão.
Minha sugestão é que abandonemos toda metafísica e estabeleçamos de uma vez por todas que cada qual é dono de sua própria vida, podendo dela dispor como preferir. Isso significa que, se quiser, o paciente deve ter o direito de receber doses letais de sedativos e analgésicos. O bonito dessa solução é que, ao não impor crenças externas a ninguém, maximiza a liberdade de todos.
30 de agosto de 2012
A lei de cotas e positiva para as federais? sim? Não?
O Estado de São Paulo, 30/8/2012
ANÁLISE
A Lei de Cotas é positiva para as federais?
SIM
Jorge Werthein, doutor por Stanford, é presidente do Centro Brasileiro de Estudos Lantino-Americanos.
O objetivo principal das cotas não é melhorar a universidade, mas tentar democratizar o acesso. Alunos de escolas públicas sempre enfrentaram grandes desigualdades. Concordo plenamente com o clamor dos que falam que é fundamental melhorar a qualidade do ensino básico. E é necessário que isso se acelere. Entretanto, não podemos abrir mão do sistema de cotas mesmo que isso ainda persista no Brasil. A América Latina é a região mais desigual do planeta e o Brasil, o terceiro mais desigual entre esses países. A educação não está imune a essa desigualdade e estamos tentando corrigir isso e aumentar a qualidade. Temos evidências de que aqueles que já ingressaram nas universidades por cotas estão com rendimento comparável ao dos demais. É hora de concentrar esforços para que a lei tenha o melhor impacto. É fundamental que as universidades tenham um programa de apoio para os ingressantes. Mas não só para os cotistas: o ingresso dos alunos está marcado por grandes deficiências, sejam eles de escolas públicas ou privadas.
NÃO
Leandro Tessler, coordenador de Relações Internacionais da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp).
As cotas são um péssimo movimento no ensino superior. Ainda bem que isso não engloba as universidades estaduais. Defendo ações afirmativas, mas essa lei é arbitrária e impositiva. No mundo acadêmico, nada substitui o mérito. Esse preceito de sermos todos iguais não vale para a Academia. A universidade é, por natureza, uma meritocracia. O ideal - como ocorre em todos os outros países do mundo - é incentivar as instituições a criarem projetos de ações afirmativas e oferecer estímulos para que cada uma delas pense na melhor forma de incluir esses alunos. Não é por decreto que a gente cria gente capaz e criativa. Aliás, se a ideia é que a universidade reproduza a mesma realidade da sociedade, a meta é tímida: quase 90% dos formandos do ensino médio são da rede pública. Não deveria, então, ser esse o porcentual? Precisamos criar uma elite intelectual egressa da rede pública e - num país racista como ainda é o Brasil - os negros também têm de receber estímulos. Mas fazer isso em detrimento do mérito não faz sentido algum.
(Informações da Agência Brasil e O Estado de São Paulo)
Clinton, Cardoso and Blair Three ex-leaders meet in Brazil
Aug 28th 2012, 19:34 by H.J. | SÃO PAULO
TONY BLAIR and Bill Clinton were in São Paulo on August 28th, speaking at an event run by Itaú BBA, a Brazilian investment bank. Sharing the platform was Fernando Henrique Cardoso, whose two terms as Brazil's president, from 1995 to 2002, overlapped with both visitors' own periods in office. Ilan Goldfajn, the bank's chief economist, moderated a discussion that touched on foreign views of Brazil and Brazilian views of abroad—and what the developed world could learn about handling financial crises from a country that has suffered more than its fair share of them in the past, but is coming through the most recent one much better than most.
The euro and sovereign debt crises, said Mr Blair, had not created the need for reform in Europe's weak peripheral economies, merely exposed that need and made it more acute. Now, sadly, reforms that were neglected in the good times would have to be tackled during a crisis. Before becoming president, Mr Cardoso was Brazil's financial minister, and led the Real Plan which introduced a new currency, stabilised the economy and ended hyperinflation. That makes him a veteran of pushing through reforms during crises—and his take was interesting. "The political situation [in the run-up to the Real Plan] was chaos," he said. "Some people said it would be impossible, but my opinion was the opposite. When you don’t have order it is easier to do something, not harder. Europe is approaching a chaotic situation … when it will be easier to impose new rules."
Is the world suffering a "crisis of capitalism", Mr Goldfajn asked. "I hope not," replied Mr Clinton: "We’re all big free-market guys." But markets tend to contain within them a tendency to self-destruct, he said, and the proper role of government is to try to prevent this from happening. Mr Blair told of bumping into an old friend from university, a Trotyskyite ("mostly they became bankers, but this one really meant it"), who took the opportunity to gloat, saying: "I told you capitalism would fail." But the gains that Brazil has experienced in recent years came from opening up to global trade and sticking to economic orthodoxy, he pointed out.
The fashion these days, at least in Brazil, said Mr Cardoso, is to say that we need "more state", but this is not the right response to what was a failure of regulation. "We need more regulation, but we must not use the state as an instrument to stop innovation in the markets," he said. Later, asked to say how Brazil's current government looked from his perspective, he acknowledged it was getting many things right, but bemoaned its tendency to try to micromanage the private sector.
It must have been very sweet for Mr Cardoso to be praised for laying the groundwork for Brazil's recent reductions in inequality and poverty. Conquering hyperinflation was the first essential step towards getting Brazil growing and raising its poorest people's incomes, but his reforms were opposed at the time by both Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and his Workers' Party (PT), and their benefits only really started to be felt by the population at large after he left office. But even if for what Mr Clinton called "obvious reasons" neither Lula nor Dilma Rousseff, Mr Cardoso's two PT successors as president, were particularly keen to say so, both continued along the economic lines he had mapped out, and Brazil has been the better for it.
Mr Clinton also mentioned by name Mr Cardoso's Bolsa Escolar programme, which gave poor families grants to keep their children in school. This was continued and greatly extended by Lula under a new name, Bolsa Família, and is now famous worldwide as a shining example of how to cut child poverty. It rankles with Mr Cardoso's fans that Lula—and his admirers abroad—rarely acknowledge its origins. Mr Cardoso is generally statesmanlike, but it sometimes slips that he finds it offensive the way he was airbrushed out of Brazilian history by Lula, who had been a co-traveller in the fight for democracy during the country’s military dictatorship, and a personal friend. (For more on Mr Cardoso's views on Brazil, Lula and the world, see The Economist's interview with him in January.)
Both Mr Blair and Mr Clinton finished with praise for the immense progress Brazil has made in the last two decades. Mr Blair told of his emotions on watching a documentary about Ayrton Senna, a much-loved Brazilian racing driver who was killed in a crash in 1994. It includes footage of reaction in the streets, with grieving Brazilians saying what a mess their country was and how it could do nothing right—but at least they could be proud of Ayrton Senna. Brazilians can think of plenty to be proud of today, said Mr Blair—and when speaking in Africa he sometimes tells his hosts about the Ayrton Senna documentary, concluding that if Brazil can come so far in such a short time, so can they. "The story of Brazil over the last 20 years is inspiring," he said. "If I had to bet on the fortunes of the big emerging markets," said Mr Clinton, "I would bet on Brazil first."
Photo credit: SM2 Fotografia
Ciencia: Curiosidad, mirada crítica y escepticismo
Agencia CyTA Instituto Leloir/El Arca
Melina Furman escribe y conduce el
programa de ciencia para chicos “La
Casa de la Ciencia”, que se emite
por el canal de TV Paka Paka.
-¿Por qué es tan importante la enseñanza de las ciencias?
-El pensamiento científico, central a la idea de ciencia como proceso, es una herramienta básica para pensar lo que nos rodea, intentar comprenderlo y tomar decisiones fundamentadas. Y para que eso suceda los docentes tenemos que generar situaciones que les ofrezcan a los alumnos la oportunidad de “hacer ciencia” en el aula: por ejemplo, investigando fenómenos, pensando maneras válidas de responder preguntas, proponiendo explicaciones alternativas ante los resultados o debatiendo entre pares. Es una aventura desafiante pero también muy posible.
-Precisamente, en 2009 usted fue coautora del libro “La aventura de enseñar Ciencias Naturales” (Aique, 2009). ¿La obra refleja su postura acerca de cómo enseñar ciencia en las escuelas?
-El libro busca tender puentes entre las teorías didácticas y lo que los maestros pueden hacer en el aula para transformar sus clases en espacios de desafío intelectual y entusiasmo por aprender ciencias. El enfoque que sostiene el libro comienza por presentar una analogía de la ciencia que me resulta muy útil para pensar la enseñanza y trabajar con docentes: si nos imaginamos a la ciencia como una moneda de dos caras inseparables, una de ellas es la cara de la ciencia como producto (lo que sabemos, esos hechos e ideas que suelen llenar los pizarrones y los libros de texto), pero la otra, y la habitualmente más ausente en las aulas y más cercana al corazón del espíritu científico, es la de la ciencia como proceso, como una manera muy particular, apasionante y poderosa de acercarse al conocimiento, ese “cómo sabemos lo que sabemos”. A ese enfoque, que contempla esta mirada dual de la ciencia para pensar su enseñanza, se lo ha llamado “enseñanza por indagación” y viene cobrando mucha fuerza en todo el mundo en las últimas décadas.
-¿Podría dar ejemplos de esa “enseñanza por indagación”?
-Ejemplos por suerte hay montones. Le cuento un caso: imagínese un grupo de chicos de primaria en un aula, trabajando con su maestra en una unidad sobre las propiedades físicas del sonido. La clase empieza por una pregunta: ¿qué hace falta para que escuchemos un sonido? La docente elige muy bien algunos elementos que los chicos, en grupo, exploran: un parche con granos de arroz encima, por ejemplo, que al hacer sonar el parche se mueven; dos teléfonos caseros, con dos vasitos y un hilo en el medio que “tiembla” cuando uno habla desde uno de los vasos; un diapasón sonando cuya punta se apoya dentro del aula y genera olitas… La docente presenta materiales cuidadosamente elegidos para que los chicos puedan encontrar un elemento en común: para que exista un sonido tiene que haber algo que vibre (el parche, el hilo, la punta del diapasón). Este enfoque genera oportunidades de investigación muy guiadas para que los chicos vayan construyendo ideas claves de la ciencia y, además, aprendiendo habilidades científicas.
-Por ejemplo, la de hacer nuevas preguntas.
Claro. Una siguiente pregunta para retomar la primera conclusión y extenderla más allá podría ser: ¿qué hace que un sonido sea más intenso que otro? ¿O que sea más agudo que otro? ¿Cómo puedo relacionar estas dos propiedades con la vibración de los objetos que generan el sonido? Se trata de trabajar con los chicos a partir de secuencias de investigaciones muy guiadas, complementadas con trabajos de recolección de datos y discusión de resultados.
-¿Es central la capacitación de los docentes?
Sí, es realmente central. No solo aquí en Argentina sino en todo el mundo. La investigación educativa muestra una y otra vez que son los docentes los que hacen la verdadera diferencia en qué y cuánto aprenden los chicos, más que cualquier otro factor. Tener docentes capacitados tanto en los contenidos específicos de la ciencia como en sus modos de generar conocimiento, con la capacidad de elaborar e implementar buenas secuencias de enseñanza y con la mirada puesta en seguir las trayectorias de los chicos es la única garantía de que la enseñanza de las ciencias mejore.
-¿El docente tiene estímulos para formarse en este campo?
Cuando a los docentes se les ofrecen buenas oportunidades de capacitación, con modelos centrados en los contenidos que hay que enseñar en cada año o grado, y complementadas por un acompañamiento real en la escuela, las cosas empiezan a mejorar muy rápidamente. Y la mejora se ve en varios frentes: tanto en la satisfacción de los docentes con sus prácticas como en la participación y el aprendizaje de los chicos en la clase.
-¿Cultivar el pensamiento científico sólo beneficia a quienes van a seguir una carrera en ciencias?
Como una apasionada por la educación en ciencias y su poder para generar una ciudadanía hacia una más curiosa y al mismo tiempo más racional sostengo que el pensamiento científico nos ayuda a pensar nuestros propios problemas, a generar innovación y a transformarnos en el país que queremos ser. Por eso es tan importante una buena enseñanza de la ciencia para todos los que no van a ser científicos, para que parte de su modo de ver el mundo incluya la curiosidad, la mirada crítica y el escepticismo, que son valores íntimamente asociados a la ciencia como aventura intelectual.
Sociólogo diz que violência migrou dos grandes centros e destaca impunidade
“As causas da violência em Alagoas também se dão pela ausência do poder do Estado, onde não tem como enfrentar esse modelo internacional de crime”, destacou o organizador do Mapa da Violência na America Latina, Julio Jacobo Waiselfisz, que esteve na manhã desta quarta-feira, 29, na Câmara Municipal de Maceió.
Jacobo foi ouvido pela Comissão Especial de Inquérito que analisa as causas da violência na capital alagoana, que, em sua terceira audiência, trouxe ao parlamento mirim o ex-coordenador da Unesco, área Pernambuco, para apresentar dados que coloca o Estado como mais violento do país e a capital como a terceira mais violenta do mundo.
De acordo com Waiselfisz, um dos maiores motivos para o crescente número da violência da capital se deu pelas greves da polícia, ocorridas nas últimas décadas, onde segundo ele “foi uma festa para a bandidagem”.
Para o sociólogo, a impunidade e a aliança do Estado são os motivadores da violência, onde segundo ele, os índices começaram a crescer “assustadoramente” a partir de 1999, havendo assim uma mudança de padrões e os estados que eram mais violentos tiveram uma redução e os estados, a exemplo de Alagoas, com baixo índice triplicou.
“A violência se espalhou por todo o Estado, houve uma interiorização, principalmente com o crescimento da economia, que aliado a isso aqui não há uma polícia preparada”, destacou, enfatizando ainda que “quem pode se proteger vive e quem não pode fica à mercê da violência”.
Ainda segundo ele, para cada branco assassinado, 20 negros são “exterminados” no Estado. “Os homicídios de brancos diminuíram, agora em relação aos povos negros estes números só cresceram e com relação a 2013 este número só tende a crescer”, enfatizou.
Segundo o sociólogo e pesquisador da ação policial contra a população negra em Alagoas, Carlos Martins, que também foi vítima de uma ação policial equivocada, os crimes contra a população negra são históricos e consequentemente estão relacionados com a formação dos agentes de polícia.
“O que há na verdade é uma marginalização da população negra e principalmente a polícia acha que o negro tem relação com os crimes, já a elite representa segurança, ou seja, a repressão contra o negro é latente”, enfatizou Martins.
Mapa da Violência
Segundo Jacobo, o Mapa da Violência segue a contagem por duas fontes oficiais, os boletins passado pela polícia de cada estado e pelos números fornecidos pelo Ministério da Justiça.
“Contabilizamos todos os tipos de homicídios, não apenas aqueles que são Crimes Violentos Letais e Intencionais, os conhecidos CVLI, mas também todas as formas de crimes relacionados à pessoa humana”, concluiu.
Disponible la conferencia de Manuel Castells Une autre économie est possible
Se encuentra disponible la conferencia (en francés) que Manuel Castells dictara en la Maison de l'Amérique Latine en París el pasado 26 de junio. En esta intervención, titulada Une autre économie est possible e introducida por Alain Touraine, el sociólogo español expone la esencia de las ideas planteadas en dos libros de reciente aparición Aftermath. The cultures of the economic crisis y Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age, y uno más que será publicado a finales de 2012.
—Vía @FondationMSH
Best Practices for Deploying iPads in Schools
August 29, 2012 | 9:58 AM | By MindShift
By Matt Levinson
As schools get ready to deploy iPads this year, each one is scrambling to figure out how to develop an efficient and effective system that works. With no standardized system or uniform roadmap to follow, at the moment, it’s up to individual schools to reach out through their networks to find information about best practices and smooth, streamlined service.
Without professional development and a set plan in place, educators in individual classes might be stumped by how to set up iPads for different uses. But once a system is in place, educators will intuitively be able to move on with the business of guiding student learning.
To that end, here are some ideas about how to put a system in place for iPad use in classrooms:
- Establish clearly written Frequently Asked Questions a sensible Responsible Use Policy and a white paper that explains the rationale behind the decision to move to iPads, but also be flexible and nimble with policy as iPads and the best uses for them continue to evolve.
- Include the responsible use policy or acceptable use policy as a PDF in the iBooks app on the iPad so students and teachers can readily access.
- Provide students with photos of proper care and post these photos around key areas of campus as reminders (with a short checklist on essential care).
- Create short video tutorials on how to use different apps.
- Develop a few surveys throughout the year to gather feedback to make mid-course corrections.
- Take photos of classroom set up, with projectors and audio, and post these photos in every classroom, with a short cheat sheet of directions. Create a job in each classroom where students take ownership of the process of ensuring that all systems are working. This will minimize loss of instructional time spent on malfunctioning wiring or connectivity.
- Share best practices and successes with short videos and student presentations with parents, and enlist students as ambassadors to teach adults how to use iPads. This can happen at a parent education event or another similar event.
- Track paper and waste reduction. The shift to iPads makes the paperless classroom a possibility. Have each class monitor their use of paper and printing and set targets for each class, grade level and the entire school.
- Track app usage to find out which apps are most used and most effective.
- Have teachers share best practices at staff meetings. Those who take the lead can help their colleagues figure out how to use apps effectively to deepen student learning. These trainings can occur at staff meetings or in smaller groups at department meetings and should be a regular part of the learning cycle for teachers, who then teach their students.
Matt Levinson is the Head of the Upper Division at Marin Country Day School in Corte Madera, Calif. and the author of From Fear to Facebook: One School’s Journey.
Are kids really motivated by technology?
As a guy who delivers two-day #edtech workshops during my breaks from full-time classroom teaching, I’m often asked the same questions again and again: How can teachers use technology to motivate students? What digital tools do kids like best?
My answer often catches participants by surprise: You can’t motivate students with technology because technology alone isn’t motivating. Worse yet, students are almost alwaysambivalent toward digital tools. While you may be completely jazzed by the interactive whiteboard in your classroom or the wiki that you just whipped up, your kids could probably care less.
Need proof?
Early in my technology integration efforts, I set up a blog for my students, introduced it excitedly to every class, and proceeded to get exactly zero posts in the first two months of its existence despite my near-constant begging and pleading. If technology was inherently motivating, my students would have been completely consumed by our classroom blog, willingly writing and sharing their thoughts at all hours of the day, right?
But they weren’t, and my grand blogging experiment died before it ever really began.
The lesson I learned was a simple one: Technology, as Dina Strasser likes to say, is a motivational red herring. While kids may initially love technology-inspired lessons in schools simply because they are different from the paper-driven work that tends to define traditional classrooms, the novelty of new tools wears off a lot quicker than digital cheerleaders like to admit.
What students are really motivated by are opportunities to be social — to interact around challenging concepts in powerful conversations with their peers. They are motivated by issues connected to fairness and justice. They are motivated by the important people in their lives, by the opportunity to wrestle with the big ideas rolling around in their minds, and by the often-troubling changes they see happening in the world around them.
Technology’s role in today’s classroom, then, isn’t to motivate. It’s to give students opportunities to efficiently and effectively participate in motivating activities built around the individuals and ideas that matter to them.
Popular classroom tools such as VoiceThread don’t excite kids — but the kinds of content-driven, asynchronous conversations between peers that they enable, do. Websites such as Kiva aren’t motivating — but the real-world exposure to the impact of poverty on people in the developing world that they enable, is. Services such as Twitter are simple in-and-of themselves — but the opportunity to quickly sort and search for filtered resources connected to almost any topic matters to today’s learners.
Basically what I’m arguing is that finding ways to motivate students in our classrooms shouldn’t start with conversations about technology. Instead, it should start with conversations about our kids. What are they deeply moved by? What are they most interested in? What would surprise them? Challenge them? Leave them wondering? Once you have the answers to these questions — only after you have the answers to these questions — are you ready to make choices about the kinds of digital tools that are worth embracing.
Like many accomplished educators, Bill Ferriter (@plugusin) wears a ton of professional hats. He’s a Solution Tree author and presenter, an accomplished blogger and a senior fellow in the Teacher Leaders Network. He checks all of those titles at the door each morning, though, when he walks into his classroom.